Kerala, Mumbai, New Delhi, Dubai and Kerala Engineering , Architecture and Medical admission Exam (KEAM) is an admission exam. The Central and state Government have approved the CBT entrance exam for admission to engineering programs at different colleges in Kerala.

Candidates who passed or appeared in the 10+2 exam and want to enroll in undergraduate engineering programs at accredited universities are eligible to take the KEAM test. There are two papers in the exam;

Paper 1: comprises questions on Chemistry and Physics.

Paper 2: it has questions on mathematics. Applicants should study for the test by adhering to the Math, Physics and Chemistry curriculum at 10+2 level.

It is significant to remember that KEAM is not required for enrollment in undergraduate programs in medicine, Veterinary, medicine, forestry, fishery, architecture or pharmacy. But in order to participate in KEAM counselling (CAP), candidates must complete the KEAM application form 2024 and present with their corresponding national entrance exam result.

ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA

The state-level Kerala Engineering Architecture Medical (KEAM) entrance exam is required for admission to a number of professional programs in Kerala. Kerala's Commissioner for Entrance Examinations (CEE) administers KEAM. The KEAM 2024 prospectus has a full list of eligibility requirements that candidates can review.

By 31 December 2024, the candidate must have reached the age of majority which is 17years of age, in order to be eligible for KEAM. The Board of Higher Secondary Education, Kerala’s higher secondary exam or an equivalent test must have been passed by candidates at the very least. It must be mentioned that different medical, engineering and architectural courses will inevitably have different educational prerequisites. As a result, applicants need to confirm that they fulfill the requirements in order to be admitted to their chosen courses. The only people who can properly register for the entrance exam are the qualified candidates.

Age Limit: Applicants have to be at least 17 years old as of the 31 December, 2024. There will be no exceptions to the minimum age requirement. For courses in engineering, architecture, B.Pharm, BAMS, BSMS, BHMS and BUMS, there is no maximum age limit. The upper age restriction for MBBS and BDS programs shall be in accordance with the NEET (UG) 2024 information Bulletin. The age restriction for other Medical Allied courses will be set by the relevant Central Councils.

Education Qualification

The education requirements for the various engineering programs provided by KEAM 2024 will vary. Nonetheless, passing science-related classes in Class 12 is the prerequisite for eligibility.

For Engineering Courses: Applicant who meet the following requirements may apply to programs like BTech (Ag. Engg), BTech (Food Engg) and BTech (Dairy Science and Technology) must have passed the Kerala HSC exam or an equivalent exam from an accredited board. A minimum of 50% in mathematics and a 50% combined score in Physics and Chemistry are required.

Candidates who achieve 45% aggregate in Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry in the Higher Secondary Examination of Kerala, or Examinations Accredited as Equivalent Thereto, may be admitted under Management Quota to private Self- Financing Engineering Colleges or Government Controlled Self-Financing Engineering Colleges.

The result in Computer Science will be taken into consideration if the candidate has not studied Chemistry. The Candidate’s biotechnology grades will be taken into consideration if they haven’t studied Chemistry and Computer Science.

If the candidates have not taken courses in Chemistry Science or Biotechnology, the result from Biology will be taken into consideration. When assessing academic eligibility, the marks list that was obtained from the relevant Higher Secondary Board would be taken into account.

For BTech Courses (DSc and Tech): applicants may apply under this category If they have passed the Kerala HSC exam or an equivalent exam with 50% in biology or mathematics. Obtained a cumulative 50% in mathematics, chemistry, physics and biology.

Relaxation of marks

the minimum marks required for the qualifying examination are relaxed by 5% for candidates from Socially and economically disadvantaged classes. All they required is 45% in Mathematics and Biology and 45% overall in Mathematics and Biology, Physics and Chemistry combined.

Nationality Criteria

KEAM 2024 applications are only open to Indian nationals. For the purpose of admission, holders of Persons of Indian Origin (PIO) or overseas nationals of India (OCI) cards will be treated equally with Indian nationals. PIO/OCI applicants, however, shall not be qualified to receive any accommodations intended for candidates in the reserved category.

EXAM PATTERN

 The KEAM exam pattern and information brochure are released by the commissioner for Entrance Examination (CEE). Pen and paper testing was used for the KEAM 2024 exam; starting in 2024, computer-based testing will be used instead. Applicants must take the two exams that make up the KEAM exam in order to be considered for admission to engineering institutes in the state of Kerala, questions from Physics and Chemistry are asked in Paper I, and questions from Mathematics are asked in Paper II.

SYLLABUS

PHYSICS

UNIT 1- Introduction and Measurement

Physics – Scope and excitement; Physics in relation to science, society and technology – inventions, names of scientists and their fields, Nobel prize winners and topics, current developments in physical sciences and related technology. Units for measurement – systems of units, S .I units, conversion from other systems to S.I units. Fundamental and derived units. Measurement of length, mass and time, least count in measuring instruments (e.g. vernier calipers, screw gauge etc.), Dimensional analysis and applications, the order of magnitude, accuracy and errors in measurement, random and instrumental errors, significant figures and rounding off principles.

UNIT 2- Description of Motion in One Dimension

Objects in motion in one dimension – Motion in a straight line, uniform motion – its graphical representation and formulae; speed and velocity - instantaneous velocity; ideas of relative velocity with expressions and graphical representations; Uniformly accelerated motion, position-time graph, velocity, time graph and formulae. Elementary ideas of calculus – differentiation and integration – applications to motion.

UNIT 3- Descriptive Of Motion in Two and Three Dimensions

Vectors and scalars, vectors in two and three dimensions, unit vector, addition and multiplication, resolution of vector in a plane, rectangular components, scalar and vector products. Motion in two dimensions – projectile motion, ideas of uniform circular motion, linear and angular velocity, the relation between centripetal acceleration and angular speed.

UNIT 4- Laws Of Motion

Force and inertia, first law of motion, momentum, the second law of motion, forces in nature, impulse, third law of motion, conservation of linear momentum, examples of the variable mass situation, rocket propulsion, equilibrium of concurrent forces.

Static and kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling friction, lubrication. Inertial and non-inertial frames (elementary ideas); Dynamics of uniform circular motion – centripetal and centrifugal forces, examples: banking of curves and centrifuge.

UNIT 5- Work, Energy, And Power

Both constant and variable forces, power, the work-energy theorem, and energy in its kinetic and potential forms were used to accomplish work. Collisions in one and two dimensions: elastic and inelastic. Gravitational potential energy and its conversion to kinetic energy, spring constant, the potential energy of a spring, Different types of energy, mass-energy equivalence (elementary notions), conservation of energy, conservative and non-conservative forces.

UNIT 6- Motion Of System of Particles and Rigid Body Rotation

Centre of mass of a two-particle system, generalization to N particles, momentum conservation and center of mass motion, applications to some familiar systems, center of mass of the rigid body. Moment of a force, torque, angular momentum, physical meaning of angular momentum, conservation of angular momentum with some examples, e.g. planetary motion. Equilibrium of rigid bodies, rigid body rotation and equation of rotational motion, comparison of linear and rotational motions, a moment of inertia and its physical significance, the radius of gyration, parallel and perpendicular axes theorems (statements only), a moment of inertia of circular ring and disc, cylinder rolling without slipping.

UNIT 7- Gravitation

The universal law of gravitation, gravitational constant (G) and acceleration due to gravity (g), weight and gravitation, a variation of g with altitude, latitude, depth and rotation of the earth. Mass of earth, gravitational potential energy near the surface of the earth, gravitational potential, escape velocity, orbital velocity of satellite, weightlessness, the motion of geostationary and polar satellites, statement of Kepler’s laws of planetary motion, proof of second and third laws, the relation between inertial and gravitational masses.

UNIT 8- Mechanics of Solids and Fluids

Solids: bulk modulus, shear modulus of rigidity, Young's modulus, Hooke's law, stress-strain correlations, and some real-world examples Fluids: Pascal's law and its applications (hydraulic lift and hydraulic brakes), fluid pressure caused by the fluid column, gravity's effect on fluid pressure, Laws of flotation, buoyancy, and air pressure, the Archimedes principles A sphere dropping down a liquid column, viscosity, detergents and surface tension, surface energy and surface tension, the angle of contact, instances of drops and babbles, capillary rise, Stokes law, streamline flow, Reynold's number, the equation of continuity, Bernoulli's theorem, and applications.

UNIT 9- Heat and Thermodynamics

The kinetic theory of gases encompasses various concepts such as pressure, kinetic energy, temperature, degrees of freedom, mean-rms and most likely speed, the law of equipartition of energy, mean free path, and Avogadro's number.

The zeroth law of thermodynamics, temperatures, and thermal equilibrium both internal energy and heat-work, Thermometry and thermal expansion. Examples of the first law of thermodynamics include specific heat, the specific heat of solids, the specific heat of gases under constant pressure and volume, and Law of Dulong and Petit

Phase diagrams, the ideal gas equation, isothermal and adiabatic processes, reversible and irreversible processes, thermodynamical variables and equation of state, Carnot engines, heat pumps, refrigerators, heat engine efficiency and coefficient of performance, and applications of the second law of thermodynamics in real-world situations Radiation from heat.

UNIT 10- Waves

Wave motion, displacement relation for a progressive wave, the speed of a travelling wave, the principle of wave superposition, wave reflection, standing waves in pipes and strings, beats, fundamental mode and harmonics, and the Doppler effect of sound with applications are all covered.

UNIT 11- Oscillations

Periodic motion includes periodic functions, period, frequency, and displacement as a function of time; Equation for simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.) and uniform circular motion, spring oscillations, force and force constant restoration, energy in S.H.M., kinetic and potential energies, simple pendulum - derivation of expression for the period; coupled oscillations, forced and damped oscillations, and resonance (qualitative ideas only).

UNIT 12- Electrostatics

Frictional electricity; Properties of electric charges - conservation, additivity and quantization. force between two-point electric charges, force between many electric charges, and Coulomb's law Superposition concept and continuous charge dispersion. Electric field and its physical importance, electric field owing to a point charge, electric field lines; Electric dipole, electric field due to a dipole and behavior and dipole in a uniform electric field. The physical definition of electric potential includes potential difference, electric potential resulting from a dipole, point charge, and system of charges; Equipotential surfaces, electric dipoles in an electrostatic field, and the electrical potential energy of a system of point charges. Electric flux is the expression of Gauss' theory applied to the field caused by an evenly charged infinite plane sheet, a uniformly charged long straight wire, and a uniformly charged thin spherical shell. the existence of bound and free charges in conductors and insulators; The energy stored in a capacitor, the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without a dielectric medium between the plates, the Van de Graff generator, dielectrics and electric polarization, and the general concept of a capacitor and capacitance is all covered.

UNIT 13-  Current Electricity

electric current, drift velocity, mobility, and the relationship between these factors and electric current in a metallic conductor; Ohm's law, electrical resistance, V-I properties, Ohm's law restrictions, electrical resistivity and conductivity, conductivity-based material classification; Superconductivity (basic concept); Carbon resistors; resistance combinations: series and parallel; carbon resistor color coding. Resistance's temperature dependency. A cell's internal resistance, Potential variations in a cell's emf and combination of parallel and series cells Kirchoff's rules illustrated through basic uses: Wheatstone bridge and its uses; Meter bridge. The potentiometer's theory and applications include measuring potential differences, comparing two cells' emfs, and figuring out a cell's internal resistance. Electric power, Joule's law, thermal effects of current, chemical effects of current, and Faraday's laws of electrolysis and electrochemical cells.

UNIT 14- Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism

Ampere's circuital rule and its applications to straight and toroidal solenoids, the concept of a magnetic field, Oersted's experiment, Biot-Savart's law, magnetic field caused by an infinitely long current carrying straight wire and a circular loop. force acting on a moving charge in a cyclotron with a constant magnetic field. The definition of an ampere, the force acting on a current-carrying wire and the torque acting on the current loop in magnetic fields. Moving coil galvanometer and its conversion into ammeter and voltmeter. torque on a magnetic dipole in a homogeneous magnetic field, magnetic moment, current loop as a magnetic dipole, force lines in the magnetic field. A solenoid and a bar magnet are compared. The vibration magnetometer and the magnetic components of Earth. Examples of para, Dia, and ferromagnetic materials are provided. Permanent magnets and electromagnets.

UNIT 15- Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Current

Faraday's laws, electromagnetic induction, and Lenz's law, induced e.m.f. and current Self- and mutual inductance, eddy currents Alternating current, peak and RMS value of alternating current/voltage, reactance and impedance, L.C. oscillations, LCR series circuit. (Diagram of the phases), Wattless current, power in A.C. circuits, resonant circuits, and Q-factor Transformer and AC generator.

UNIT 16- Electromagnetic Waves

Properties of electromagnetic waves and Maxwell’s contributions (qualitative ideas), Hertz’s experiments, Electromagnetic spectrum (different regions and applications), propagation of electromagnetic waves in earth’s atmosphere.

UNIT 17- Optics

the refraction of light, spherical lenses, thin lens formula, lens maker's formula, total internal reflection, and its uses; enlargement, power of a lens, the result of contacting several tiny lenses; light refraction and dispersion caused by a prism, Light scattering, the sky's blue hue, and the sun's appearance at sunrise and sunset optical devices, The magnification capabilities of a compound microscope and refraction and reflection types of astronomical telescopes.

The principle of Huygen and wavefront. wave fronts in the reflection and refraction of a plane wave at a plane surface (qualitative notion); Young's double-slit experiment and its expression for fringe width, coherent sources, and persistent light interference are examples of interference. single-slit diffraction, central maximum width, distinction between interference and diffraction, and resolving capacity of the telescope and microscope; Polarization, plane polarized light, Brewster’s law, Use of polarized light and Polaroids.

UNIT 18- Dual Nature of Matter and Radiations

Photoelectric effect, Einstein photoelectric equation - particle nature light, photo-cell, Matter waves-wave nature of particles. De Broglie relation, Davisson and Germer experiment.

UNIT 19- Atomic Nucleus

Alpha particle scattering experiment, size of the nucleus - composition of the nucleus - protons and neutrons. Nuclear instability - Radioactivity-Alpha, Beta and Gamma particle/rays and their properties, radioactive decay laws, Simple explanation of __-decay, _-decay and __decay; mass-energy relation, mass defect, Binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number. Nature of nuclear forces, nuclear reactions, nuclear fission, nuclear reactors and their uses; nuclear fusion, elementary ideas of energy production in stars.

UNIT 20- Solids and Semiconductor Devices

energy bands in solids (qualitative concepts only), band theory-based distinctions between metals, insulators, and semiconductors; semiconductors both intrinsic and external, p-n junction, Semiconductor diode properties: reverse and forward bias, rectifier, solar cell, photo-diode, and voltage regulator (Zener diode); junction transistor, transistor properties; transistor used as an oscillator and amplifier (common emitter arrangement); OR, AND, NOT, NAND, NOR logic gates; simple concepts regarding integrated circuits.

UNIT 21- Principles of Communication

Elementary idea of analogue and digital communication; Need for modulation, amplitude, frequency and pulse modulation; Elementary ideas about demodulation, Data transfer and retrieval, Fax and Modem.(fundamental ideas) Satellite communications, space wave and skywave propagation, and ground wave are all aspects of space communications.

CHEMISTRY

UNIT 1- Basic Concepts and Atomic Structure

Law of conservation of mass is one of the laws of chemical combination. The law of definite proportion. Law of multiple proportions. Gay-Lussac’s law of mixing volumes. The atomic theory of Dalton. Mole idea Atomic, molecular and molar masses. Chemical Formulas. utilizing chemical equations for calculation and balance. Atomic structure: Fundamental particles. Rutherford model of an atom. Nature of electromagnetic radiation. The emission spectrum of the hydrogen atom. Bohr model of the hydrogen atom. Drawbacks of Bohr model. Dual nature of matter and radiation. de Broglie relation. Uncertainty principle. Wave function (mention only). Atomic orbitals and their shapes (s, p and d orbitals only). Quantum numbers. Electronic configurations of elements. Pauli’s exclusion principle. Hund’s rule. Aufbau principle.

UNIT 2- Bonding And Molecular Structure

Kossel and Lewis approach of bonding. Ionic bond, the covalent character of ionic bond, Lattice energy. Born-Haber cycle. Covalent bond. Lewis’s structure of covalent bond. The concept of orbital overlap. VSEPR theory and geometry of molecules. The polarity of a covalent bond. Valence bond theory and hybridization (sp, sp2, sp3, dsp2, d2sp3 and sp3d2). Resonance. Molecular orbital method. Bond order. Molecular orbital diagrams of homo-diatomic molecules. Bond strength and magnetic behavior. Hydrogen bond. Coordinate bond. Metallic bond.

UNIT 3- States of Matter

Gaseous state: Boyle’s law. Charles’ law. Avogadro’s hypothesis. Graham’s law of diffusion. Absolute scale of temperature. Ideal gas equation. Gas constant and its values. Dalton’s law of partial pressure.

Aqueous tension. Kinetic theory of gases. Deviation of real gases from ideal behavior. Inter molecular interaction, van der Waals equation. Liquefaction of gases. Critical temperature.

Liquid state: Properties of liquids. Vapor pressure and boiling point. Surface tension. Viscosity.

Solid state: Types of solids (ionic, covalent and molecular). Space lattice and unit cells. Cubic crystal systems. Close packing. Different voids (tetrahedral and octahedral only). Density calculations. Point defects (Frenkel and Schottky). Electrical properties of solids. Conductors, semiconductors and insulators. Piezoelectric and pyroelectric crystals. Magnetic properties of solids. Diamagnetic, paramagnetic, ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic substances.

UNIT 4- Periodic Properties of Elements and Hydrogen

Classification of elements: Mendeleev’s periodic table. Atomic number and modern periodic law. Longform of the periodic table. Electronic configurations of elements and their position in the periodic table. 

Classification into s-, p-, d- and f-block elements.

Periodic properties: Ionization energy, electron affinity, atomic radii, valence and electro negativity.

Hydrogen: Position in the periodic table, occurrence, isolation, preparation (including commercial), properties, reactions and uses. Isotopes of hydrogen. Hydrides: Molecular, saline and interstitial hydrides.

Water: Structure of water molecule and its aggregates. Physical and chemical properties of water. Hard and soft water. Removal of hardness. Preparation and uses of heavy water: Liquid hydrogen as fuel.

UNIT- 5

S-Block Elements and Principles of Metallurgy

Alkali metals: Occurrence, electronic configuration, trends in atomic and physical properties (ionization energy, atomic radii and ionic radii), electrode potential, and reactions with oxygen, hydrogen, halogens and liquid ammonia. Oxides, hydroxides and halides.

Alkaline earth metals: Occurrence, electronic configuration, trends in atomic and physical properties, electrode potential, and reactions with oxygen, hydrogen and halogens. Oxides, hydroxides, halides and sulphides. Anomalous properties of lithium and beryllium.

Compounds of s-block elements: Large-scale preparation of NaOH and Na2CO3, their properties and uses. Preparation and properties of Cao, Ca(OH)2, Plaster of Paris and MgSO4. Industrial uses of lime, limestone and cement.

Principles of metallurgy: Occurrence of metals. The concentration of ores. General principles of extraction of metals from ore. Thermodynamic and electro chemical principles of metallurgy. Refining of metals. Extraction of zinc, aluminum, iron and copper.

UNIT- 6

P-Block Elements

General characteristics of p-block elements: atomic and physical properties. Oxidation states. Trends in chemical reactivity of Groups 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17 elements. 

Boron: Occurrence, isolation, physical and chemical properties. Borax and boric acid. Boron hydrides.

Structure of diborane. Uses of boron and its compounds.

Carbon: Allotropes, properties, Oxides of Carbon.

Nitrogen: Terrestrial abundance and distribution, isolation, properties and chemical reactivity.

Ammonia: Haber process of manufacture, properties and uses.

Nitric acid: Ostwald process of manufacture and important uses.

Oxides of nitrogen: Preparation and structures (skeletal only).

Oxygen: Terrestrial abundance, isolation, properties and chemical reactivity.

Oxides: Acidic, basic and amphoteric oxides. Preparation, structure, properties and uses of ozone and hydrogen peroxide.

Silica: Different forms and uses. Structures of silicates. Silicones, Zeolites, Uses of Silicon Tetrachloride.

Phosphorus: Production, allotropes and phosphine. Preparation and structures of PCl3, PCl5, oxyacids of phosphorus. Comparison of halides and hydrides of Group 15 elements.

Sulphur: Production, allotropes, oxides and halides, Oxoacids of Sulphur (structure only).

Sulphury acid: Manufacture, properties and uses. Comparison of oxides, halides and hydrides of Group17 elements, Oxoacids of halogens (structure only), hydrides and oxides of chlorine. Interhalogen compounds.

Group 18 elements: Occurrence, isolation, atomic and physical properties, uses.

Compounds of xenon: Preparation of fluorides and oxides, and their reactions with water.

UNIT-7

D-Block and F-Block Elements

D-Block elements: Electronic configuration and general characteristics. Metallic properties, ionization energy, electrode potential, oxidation states, ionic radii, catalytic properties, colored ions, complex formation, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds and alloys. Preparation and properties of KMnO4, K2Cr2O7. 

F-Block elements:

Lanthanides: Occurrence, electronic configuration and oxidation states. Lanthanide contraction. Uses.

Actinides: Occurrence, electronic configuration and comparison with lanthanides.

UNIT- 8

Thermodynamics

System and surrounding: Types of systems. Types of processes. Intensive and extensive properties. 

State functions and path functions. Reversible and irreversible processes.

First law of thermodynamics:

Internal energy and enthalpy. Application of first law of thermodynamics. Enthalpy changes during phase transition. Enthalpy changes in chemical reactions. Standard enthalpy of formation. Hess’s law of constant

heat summation and numerical problems. Heat capacity and specific heat.

Second law of thermodynamics: Entropy and Gibbs free energy. Free energy change and chemical equilibrium. Criteria for spontaneity.

UNIT- 9

Chemical Equilibrium

Physical and chemical equilibria: Dynamic nature of equilibrium. Equilibria involving physical changes(solid-liquid, liquid-gas, dissolution of solids in liquids and dissolution of gases in liquids). General characteristics of equilibria involving physical processes. 

Equilibria involving chemical systems: Law of chemical equilibrium. The magnitude of equilibrium constant. Numerical problems. Effect of changing conditions of systems at equilibrium (changes of concentration, temperature and pressure). Effect of catalyst. The Le Chatelier principle and its applications. The relationship between Kpa and Kc. Ionic equilibrium. Ionization of weak and strong electrolytes. 

Concepts of acids and bases: Those of Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis. Acid-base equilibrium. 

Ionization of water. pH scale. Salt hydrolysis. Solubility product. Common ion effect. Buffer action and buffer solutions.

UNIT- 10

Solutions

Types of solutions: Different concentration terms (normality, molarity, molality, mole fraction and mass percentage). The solubility of gases and solids. Vapor pressure of solutions and Raoul’s law. Deviation from Raoul’s law.

Colligative properties: Lowering of vapor pressure, elevation in boiling point, depression in freezing point and osmotic pressure. Ideal and non-ideal solutions. Determination of molecular mass.

Abnormal molecular mass. The van’t Hoff factor and related numerical problems.

UNIT- 11

Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry

Oxidation and reduction: Electron transfer concept. Oxidation number. Balancing equations of redox reactions: Oxidation number method and ion-electron method (half reaction method).

Faraday’s laws of electrolysis: Quantitative aspects. Electrolytic conduction. Conductance. Molar conductance. Kohlrausch’s law and its applications. Electrode potential and electromotive force (e.m.f.).

Reference electrode (SHE only). Electrolytic and Galvanic cells. Daniel cell. The Nernst equation. Free energy and e.m.f. Primary and secondary cells. Fuel cell (H2-O2 only).

Corrosion and its prevention: Electrochemical theory of rusting of iron. Methods of prevention of corrosion. Galvanization and cathodic protection.

UNIT- 12

Chemical Kinetics

Rate of reaction. Average and instantaneous rates. Rate expressions. Rate constant. Rate law. Order and molecularity. Integrated rate law expressions for zero and first order reactions and their derivations.

Units of rate constant. Temperature dependence of rate constant. Arrhenius equation.

Activation energy, Collision Theory (Elementary theory) and related numerical problems. Elementary and complex reactions with examples.

UNIT- 13

Surface Chemistry

Adsorption: Physical and chemical adsorption. Factors affecting adsorption. Effect of pressure. Freundlich adsorption isotherm. Catalysis. Enzymes. Zeolites.

Colloids: Colloids and suspensions. Dispersion medium and dispersed phase. Types of colloids: Lyophobic, lyophilic, multimolecular, macromolecular and associated colloids. Preparation, properties and protection of colloids. Gold number. Hardy Schulze rule. Emulsions.

UNIT- 14

Coordination Compounds and Organometallics

Ligand. Coordination number. IUPAC nomenclature of coordination compounds mononuclear, Isomerism in coordination compounds. Geometrical, optical and structural isomerism. Bonding in coordination compounds. Werner’s coordination theory. Valence bond approach. Hybridization and geometry. 

Magnetic properties of octahedral, tetrahedral and square planar complexes. Introduction to crystal field theory. Splitting of d orbitals in octahedral and tetrahedral fields (qualitative only). Importance of coordination compounds in qualitative analysis and biological systems such as chlorophyll, hemoglobin and vitamin B12 (structures not included).

UNIT- 15

Basic Principles, Purification and Characterization or Organic Compounds

Distinction between organic and inorganic compounds. Tetra valence of carbon. Catenation. Hybridization (sp, sp2 and sp3). Shapes of simple molecules. General introduction to naming of organic compounds.

Trivial names and IUPAC nomenclature. Illustrations with examples. Structural isomerism. Examples of functional groups containing oxygen, hydrogen, Sulphur and halogens.

Purification of carbon compounds: Filtration, crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction and chromatography (column and paper only).

Qualitative analysis: Detection of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and halogens.

Quantitative analysis: Estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, Sulphur, phosphorus and halogens(principles only), and related numerical problems. Calculation of empirical and molecular formulae.

UNIT- 16

Hydrocarbons

Classification of hydrocarbons. 

Alkanes and cycloalkanes: Nomenclature and conformation of ethane.3D structures and 2D projections (Sawhorse and Newman).

Alkenes and alkynes: Nomenclature.

Geometrical isomerism in alkenes. Stability of alkenes. General methods of preparation. Physical and chemical properties. Markownikoff’s rule. Peroxide effect. Acidic character of alkynes. Polymerization reactions of dienes.

Aromatic hydrocarbons: Nomenclature. Isomerism. Benzene and its homologues. Structure of benzene. Resonance. Delocalization in benzene. The concept of aromaticity (an elementary idea). Chemical reactions of benzene. Polynuclear hydrocarbons and their toxicity.

UNIT- 17

Organic Reaction Mechanism

Electronic displacement in a covalent bond: Inductive, electrometric, resonance and hyperconjugation effects. Fission of a covalent bond. Free radicals, electrophiles, nucleophiles, carbocations and carbanions.

Common types of organic reactions: Substitution, addition, elimination and rearrangement reactions. Illustrations with examples. Mechanism of electrophilic addition reactions in alkenes. The concept of delocalization of electrons. Mechanism of electrophilic substitution reactions. Directive influence of substituents and their effect on reactivity (in benzene ring only).

UNIT- 18

Stereochemistry

Stereoisomerism: Geometrical isomerism and optical isomerism. Specific rotation. Chirality and chiral objects. Chiral molecules. Configuration and Fischer projections. Asymmetric carbon. Elements of symmetry. Compounds containing one chiral center. Enantiomers. Racemic form. Racemization. Compounds containing two chiral centers. Dia stereo isomers. Meson form. Resolution. 

UNIT- 19

Organic Compounds with Functional Group Containing Oxygen

Alcohols: Nomenclature. Important methods of preparation (from aldehydes, ketones, alkyl halides and hydration of alkenes). Manufacture of ethanol from molasses. Physical and chemical properties.

Reactions with alkali metals and acids. Formation of alkenes, ethers and esters. Reactions with PX3, PX5, SOCl2. Oxidation of alcohols. Dehydrogenation.

Phenols: Nomenclature. Preparation of phenol (from sodium benzenesulfonate, benzene diazonium chloride and chlorobenzene). Physical and chemical properties of phenol. The acidity of phenol.

Action of phenol with FeCl3. Bromination, sulphonating and nitration of phenol.

Ethers: Nomenclature. Methods of preparation (from alcohols and alkyl halides). Williamson’s synthesis.

Physical and chemical properties. Formation of peroxides. Actions with HI, HF and H2SO4.

Some commercially important compounds: Methanol, ethanol (fermentation).

Aldehydes and ketones: Nomenclature. Electronic structure of carbonyl group. Methods of preparation (from alcohols, acid chlorides, ozonolysis of alkenes and hydration of alkynes). Friedel-Crafts acylation for acetophenone. General properties (physical and chemical) of aldehydes and ketones. Formation of paraldehyde and metaldehyde. Addition of NaHSO3, NH3 and its derivatives, Grignard reagent, HCN and alcohols. Oxidation reactions with Tollen’s reagent and Fehling’s solution. Oxidation of ketones. Reduction with LiAlH4. Clemmensen reduction. Wolff- Kirschner reduction. Aldol condensation. Cannizzaro reaction.

Carboxylic acid: Nomenclature. Electronic structure of–COOH. Methods of Preparation (from alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, alkyl benzenes and hydrolysis of cyanide). Physical properties. Effects of substituents on acid strength. Chemical reactions.

Unit- 20

Organic Compounds with Functional Groups Containing Halogens

Haloalkanes and haloarenes: Nomenclature and general methods of preparation. Physical properties. Nature of C-X bond in haloalkanes and haloarenes. Chemical properties and uses of chloromethane and chlorobenzene.

Polyhalogeno compounds: Preparation and properties of chloroform and iodoform. Uses of some commercially important compounds (chloroform, iodoform, DDT, BHC and freon).

UNIT-21

Organic Compounds with Functional Groups Containing Nitrogen Amines

Nomenclature. Primary, secondary and tertiary amines. Methods of preparation. Physical properties. Basic nature. Chemical reaction. Separation of primary, secondary and tertiary amines. Cyanides and isocyanides. Diazonium Salts. Preparation and chemical reactions of benzene diazonium chloride in synthetic organic chemistry.

UNIT- 22

Environmental Chemistry and Chemistry in Everyday Life

Soil, water and air pollutions. Ozone layer. Smog. Acid rain. Greenhouse effect and global warming.

Industrial air pollution. Importance of green chemistry.

Chemicals in medicine and health care. Drug-target interaction, Analgesics, tranquillizers, antiseptics, antacids, antihistamines, antibiotics, disinfectants, antifertility drugs, chemicals in food, preservatives, artificial sweetening agents, antioxidants and edible colors, cleansing agents, soaps and synthetic detergents, antimicrobials.

UNIT- 23

Polymers and Biomolecules

Polymers: Classification. Addition and condensation polymerization. Copolymerization. Natural rubber and vulcanization. Synthetic rubbers. Condensation polymers. Biopolymers. Biodegradable polymers. 

Some commercially important polymers: Polyethene, polystyrene, PVC, Teflon, PAN, BUNA-N, BUNA-S, neoprene, Terylene, glyptic, nylon-6, nylon-66 and Bakelite.

Biomolecules: Classification of carbohydrates. Structure and properties of glucose.

Reducing and nonreducing sugars: Properties of sucrose, maltose and lactose (structures not included).

Polysaccharides: Properties of starch and cellulose.

Proteins: Amino acids. Zwitterions. Peptide bond. Polypeptides. Primary, secondary and tertiary structures of protein. Denaturation of proteins. Enzymes. Nucleic acids. Types of nucleic acids. DNA and RNA, and their chemical composition. Primary structure of DNA. Double helix.

Vitamins: Classification and functions in biosystems.

MATHEMATICS

UNIT-1

Algebra

Sets, Relations and Functions

Complex Numbers

Quadratic Equations

Sequences and Series

Permutations, Combinations, Binomial Theorem and Mathematical Induction

Matrices and Determinants

Linear Inequations

Mathematical Logic and Boolean Algebra

UNIT- 2

Trigonometry

Degree measures and Radian measure of positive and negative angles; the relation between degree measure and radian measure, definition of trigonometric functions with the help of a unit circle, periodic functions, the concept of periodicity of trigonometric functions, value of trigonometric functions of x trigonometric functions of sum and difference of numbers.

Conditional identities for the angles of a triangle, solution of trigonometric equations of the type Sin x= Sina; Cos x= Cos a; Tax= Tana and equations reducible to these forms. Inverse Trigonometric functions: Simple problems Graph of the following trigonometric functions’ = Sinx,y=Cos x;y=Tanx;y=asking ;y = across x,y =aSin bx;y=aCos bx.

UNIT- 3

Geometry

Cartesian System of Rectangular Co-ordinates

Lines and Family of lines

Circles and Family of circles

Conic sections

Vectors

Three-Dimensional Geometry

UNIT- 4

Statistics

Statistics and probability

Mean deviation for ungrouped data, variance for grouped an ungrouped data, standard deviation. Random experiments and sample space, Events as subset of a sample space, occurrence of an event, sure and impossible events, Exhaustive events, Algebra of events, Meaning of equality likely outcomes, mutually exclusive events. Probability of an event; Theorems on probability; Addition rule, Multiplication rule, independent experiments and events. Finding P (A or B), P (A and B), random variables, Probability distribution of a random variable.

UNIT-5

Calculus

Functions, Limits and continuity

Differentiation

Application of Derivatives

Indefinite Integrals

Definite Integrals and Differential Equations